areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. The MOA is supporting the development of the countrys livestock sector, which is one of the largest in Africa. In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. [7], Historically, Ethiopia was a rare exception in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of its special environmental circumstances, that enabled Ethiopian farmers to increase their productivity, for example by using ploughs. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. This article examines the characteristics of and choice among two production technologies in Ethiopian agriculture, one with fertilizer and the other without, using 1989-90 farm-level data. This study (1) investigates the extent and spatial distribution of soil acidity . Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. Investments in cotton production, as well as any other agricultural commodity, require considerable due diligence because of a variety of complicated issues, including landownership rights and the potential for conflict. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. The program, designed for rural development, was first introduced in a project called the Chilalo Agricultural Development Union. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. fINTENSIVE FARMING. In addition, the GOE continues to invest heavily in the expansion of the sugar industry, which is slated to be privatized in the near future with the aim of become one of the top ten sugar producers in the world over the next decade. Cookies on OCLC websites. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Note: Top 3 trade partners are calculated by imports + exports. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) Among the overall agricultural output produced by an Ethiopian family farm, only 21 percent are sold, highlighting the subsistence-oriented nature of the country's smallholders. In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of chat accounted for 25% of export earnings (or 8oo million Birr). Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. Approximately 25% of Ethiopia's population depended directly or indirectly on coffee for its livelihood. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. This site contains PDF documents. [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. That is why per hectare yield of crop is . 1401 Constitution Ave NW Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. Although the MPPs improved the agricultural productivity of farmers, particularly in the project areas, there were many problems associated with discrimination against small farmers (because of a restrictive credit system that favored big landowners) and tenant eviction. [7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Facing a Foreign Trade AD/CVD or Safeguard Investigation? Jorge Morales Pedraza. [14], The most important cash crop in Ethiopia was coffee. The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually and agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of the gross domestic product (GDP). For this to happen, the government will need to guarantee sufficient allocations of foreign exchange. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. <i>Methods</i>. The sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. Brighter Green, 2. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. [7], Ethiopia's estimated livestock population is often said to be the largest in Africa. This can be attributed to two factors. To promote commercial-scale farming, the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) created the Ethiopian Agricultural Land and Investment Administration Agency dedicated to overseeing any new large-scale commercial farm deals. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation[1] caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). There is a functional relationship between the use of ove. In this regard, Ethiopia is looking to expand development efforts to fight land degradation and to reduce pollution; reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions; increase forest protection and development; increase production of electricity from renewable sources for domestic use and for export; and focus on modern and energy saving technologies. An estimated 85 percent of the . This includes: bolstering smallholder farmers productivity, enhancing marketing systems, upgrading participation of private sector, increasing volume of irrigated land and curtailing amount of households with inadequate food. But with proper drainage and conditioning, these soils have excellent agricultural potential. agriculture, poverty and illiteracy are important causes of land and environmental degradation in Ethiopia. [7], Imperial government policy permitting investors to import fertilizers, pesticides, tractors and combines, and (until 1973) fuel free of import duties encouraged the rapid expansion of large-scale commercial farming. The relationship between elevation, soil temperatures, soil chemical characteristics, and green coffee bean quality and biochemistry in southwest Ethiopia. Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. Private traders and the Agricultural Marketing Corporation (AMC), established in 1976, marketed Ethiopia's agricultural output. The report includes the market size, recent trends, industry statistics, and analysis. As a result, agriculture continued to grow, albeit below the population growth rate. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 11(4): 301-316. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Assess the effect of the main factors of Ethiopia crop production (land, labor & capital) in general and cereal production in particular. During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. Land ownership is also a complicating factor. Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. In early 1990, the government essentially abandoned villagization when it announced new economic policies that called for free-market reforms and a relaxation of centralized planning. These conditions include basic agricultural production potentials, access to input and output markets, and local population densities which represent both labor availability and local demand for food. Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . [17], Although varying from region to region, the role of livestock in the Ethiopian economy was greater than the figures suggest. In Wollo Province, for example, there were an estimated 111 types of land tenure. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. Agriculture is defined as the purposeful tending of animals and plants.It provides: basic food supplies for the population; raw materials like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds, etc. Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. >. By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. However, the expected level was not achieved. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Ethiopias commercial red meat (beef, mutton and goat) industry has made remarkable progress to date and shows considerable growth potential for the future. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. landholdings are tiny, fragmented and unsuitable for modern methods of agriculture. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. These areas are used by pastoralists who move back and forth in the area following the availability of pasture for their animals. [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. Due to physical, economic and social factors the. When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience. ", Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research website, "National Growth and Transformation Plan", "Ethiopia's transforming wheat landscape: tracking variety use through DNA fingerprinting", "Press release: Rust-resistant bread wheat varieties widely adopted in Ethiopia, study shows CGIAR Research Program on WHEAT", "Livestock Sample Survey (AgLVS 2006), version 1.0", USGC Reps Meet With Ethiopian Feed Industry to Assess Market Barriers, "Ethiopia, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor", "Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Ethiopia&oldid=1140777650, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04. In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) One way the government is hoping to improve cotton yields is with Genetically Engineered (GE) cotton. }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Land use function 2 2.2. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. The agricultural sector is subject to periodic drought, and poor infrastructure constrains the production and marketing of Ethiopia's products. Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. Background Understanding the landscape features of agricultural lands and soil management practices is pertinent to verify the potential and limitations of the soil resources; and devise relevant land management strategies. "National Statistical Abstract. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. The Blue Nile River. Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. [27], Poultry farming is widely practiced in Ethiopia; almost every farmstead keeps some poultry for consumption and for cash sale. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. In Ethiopia 95% of the total area is cultivated by smallholder farmers and contribute 90% of the total agricultural output. An ethnoarchaeological study of highland Ethiopian griddle technology is compared to bread-baking technologies in Africa and the Near East. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. However, beginning in 1987 the decline in world coffee prices, reduced Ethiopia's foreign-exchange earnings. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. [7] Multinational agribusinesses supply these industrial poultry farms with high yielding breeds, such as Rhode Island Reds and White Leghorns. With respect to increasing productivity, the GOE, alongside its international partners, has made a number of interventions to support the development of the agriculture sector. Ethiopia has considerable potential for producing cotton. Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration & Control Authority (VDAFACA), NationalAnimalHealthDiagnosticand InvestigationCenter(NAHDIC), Ethiopia Agricultural Business Corporation (EABC), International Trade Administration In fact, the Ethiopia Investment Commission considers the textile and garment sector as a strategic sector. To that end, the government has made significant investments in cotton production in order to support manufacturing, including the recent establishment of industrial zones, and has gone to great lengths to provide incentives to attract foreign manufacturers to set up operations in the country. Section D. Ploughing the land using these tools is ambiguous and time-consuming.

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