A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. Szczepanski, Kallie. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. (2020, August 27). In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). . The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. Corrections? The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. White Lotus Rebellion, (17961804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (16441911/12). from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. The rebels are all our own subjects. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion."[7]. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. This took place during the Qing Dynasty, and lasted from 1796 to 1804. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. . In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? Buddhist sects, such as the White Lotus sect, a group that attracted many followers among the Chinese lower classes. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. As a result of such technological improvements, the Chinese population exploded, increasing from just shy of 178 million in 1749 to almost 359 million in 1811; and by 1851, the population in Qing dynasty China was close to 432 million people. At first, farmers in regions adjacent to Mongolia worked for the Mongols, but eventually, the people in the overcrowded Hubei and Hunan provinces flowed out and into the region. One Qing response was to suppress the word "revolution" by banning it from their world-history textbooks. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. ThoughtCo. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). View original page. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. The rebellion was started by some elements of the millenarian Tianli Sect () or Heavenly Principle Sect, which was a branch of the White Lotus Sect. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. "[5] By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. The Qing had forbidden agriculture in the northern regions, which were left to the Mongol pastoralists, but the introduction of new world crops such as potato and maize opened the northern region plains farming. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. Dream Homes of Texas on Instagram: "POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build in Frisco, Texas by the prestigious @monaco_pinnacle Follow @americas_realtor fore more luxury" The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). Since the 1340s, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was experiencing problems. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. . At the . The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. //]]>. Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Encyclopedia.com. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. 12 talking about this. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. Omissions? [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). During the Qing dynasty, inventions continued to emerge despite the turbulent uprisings and conflicts such as the White Lotus Rebellion, the First Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion. List of battleships of the United States Navy, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/37359117/Bodycount-Final, http://books.google.com/books?id=Md801mHEeOkC&pg=PA9, History of Chinese Culture on History.com. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. As one Qing official complained: The rebels are all our own subjects. It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2].

Sunderland Council Highways Contact Number, Saint Marina: The Protectress Of Nephrology Prayer, Shepherds Creek Duplexes Conway, Ar, Best 1v1 Commander Decks 2021, Harry's Steakhouse Cancun Dress Code, Articles W